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To account for the wake effect, which notably reduces the power output of turbines in the rear rows, this study assumes a turbine spacing of 5 × 9 diameters within the wind farm, consistent with similar literature (Mcelroy et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2016).
HAWT range from 2.5 m diameter and 1 kW for residential to 100+ m diameter and 10+ MW for offshore applications. The theoretical maximum efficiency of a turbine (Betz Limit) is 59%. Most turbines extract ~50% of wind energy. 11 Global wind capacity increased 11% annually over the last decade, reaching 1,136 GW in 2024.
Under the BAU scenario, the total economic potential for wind and solar power in China is anticipated to be 134.4 PW h by the year 2050, with PV systems, onshore wind, and offshore wind contributing 85.9%, 9.5%, and 4.6%, respectively to this total.
The potential for wind and PV power generation is calculated using climate model output data, which includes near-surface wind speed (sfc Wind), surface downwelling shortwave radiation (RSDS), and near-surface air temperature (TAS).