Energy storage is a fundamental requirement in modern society. Among various options, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) stand out as a key solution for energy storage in electrical devices and transportation systems. However, their performance at sub-zero temperatures presents significant challenges, restricting their broader use.
While there are numerous factors limiting the performance of batteries at low temperatures, their effects typically manifest as capacity loss and reduced output voltage, and may even render the battery non-operational. The available capacity of batteries between predetermined voltages generally decreases as the temperature drops.
However, they still face several challenges. Low-temperature environments have slowed down the use of LIBs by significantly deteriorating their normal performance. This review aims to resolve this issue by clarifying the phenomenon and reasons for the deterioration of LIB performance at low temperatures.
Low-temperature charging is inherently more challenging than low-temperature discharging. Consequently, many studies on low-temperature electrolytes for LIBs have focused on improving discharge performance after room-temperature charging.
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